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It is possible that distillation was practised by the Babylonians in Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium BC, with perfumes and aromatics being distilled, but this is subject to uncertain and disputed interpretations of evidence. The earliest certain chemical distillations were by Greeks in Alexandria in the 1st century AD, but these were not distillations of alcohol.

• The earliest records of the distillation of alcohol are in Italy in the 13th century.
• The art of distillation spread to Scotland and Ireland no later than the 15th century.
• Its use spread through medieval monasteries, largely for medicinal purposes.
• The earliest mention of whisky in Ireland comes from the seventeenth-century.